Social Capital / Social Media

Note:  This blog is the first in a series that looks at social capital, social media and college student success.  This first blog provides a background on social capital, and a glimpse at how it is impacted by social media.

There is a term, requently used but ill-defined, to describe your general well-being and how you fit into the world - "social capital."

Social capital is quite loosely defined but, in general, it is an indicator of what you have regarding:

• A sense of belonging in your environment
• Engagement in your surroundings
• Relationships with others
• Knowing the norms and values of your environment
• Participation in your society
• Feelings of safety and trust
• Confidence

You get the idea.  

A more official idefinition of social capital is that it is the intangible benefits that you gain from being a member of the societies in which you live and the number and types of your relationships.  It is as if the people in your life, regardless of how they are in your life, contribute a bit of well-being and sociality to you as a result of your interactions. 

There are at least two types of social capital: bonding and bridge.  "Bonding" social capital comes from interacting with those persons like yourself, those in the networks to which you already belong.  It is comforting and affirming, but self-limiting.  Bonding social capital will help you "get by"1., but does not provide an impetus for growth and change.

"Bridging" social capital, on the other hand, is that which comes to you from contact with those "outside" rather than "within" your social world.1  As bridges span chasms, bridging social capital can take you beyound the boundaries of one environment, and include you in another environment.  Hence, bridging social capital does not help you "get by" - being part of a new group, no matter how transitory the experience is, can be decidedly uncomfortable.  It does, however, help you "get ahead."  You learn about new places and ways of being through bridging social capital.  You experience new values and norms.  You learn new terrain, footpaths and pitfalls.  Bridging social capital enlarges your place in your world by bringing in knowledge, understanding, behaviors, resources, etc... from other places - the places familiar to those who live outside your social boundaries.

Social media, specifically programs like Facebook, are obvious providers of social media, with Facebook especially being known as a premier source.  Consider the number of "friends" you have on Facebook.  Some of these friends will be sources of bonding social capital - and are likely to be the persons you see face-to-face, message, talk to on the phone, etc.  

Now consider the bulk of your Facebook friends.  These are folks for whom you have some connection, but are likely to not be in your life to a "bonding" degree.  These friends are sources of bridging social capital.  Their posts can provide a new perspective, perhaps one you will benefit from.  Membership in a Facebook group can provide you with massive doses of social capital, because you learn the norms, traditions and ideas of a group outside your own.  You are being let into the boundaries or another world, as it were.  If the group can provide you with information or support that you lack, you receive extra benefits. You may be able to solve a problem you are dealing with, and you are receivng social capital from group members as you do so.

I will expand on this idea of receiving problem-solving, life-altering social capital from Facebook in another blog post.  Stay tuned!

1. Terminology attributed to Gittell, Ross J. and Avis. Vidal. 1998. Community Organizing : Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy. Sage Publications. ^

References:
What is the difference between bonding and bridging social capital.  Tristan Claridge, January 2, 2018 in Social Capital Research and Training, .

Image by Anemone123 from Pixabay 

How is this still a thing: A reflection on intellectual property in online courses

If you are not familiar with John Oliver's series "Why is this still a thing?" on his weekly program, "Last Week Tonight," let me give you an introduction.  In this series, he brings up topics, such as the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition, that should have disappeared, but have not.  Stephanie Casella's article (Bustle, May 27, 2016) "7 John Oliver "How is this still a thing" moments that will make you question everything," will provide you with a good introduction.  

Outside of wanting to share a good thing with my audience, I bring him up to introduce the concept of intellectual property:  why is this still a thing?

Over the decades as an instructional designer, I have lead workshops, modeled (well, mostly), cajoled and even harangued knowledge experts about intellectual property rights and digital media.  Now, these are individuals who know every jot and tittle of APA formatting, and would never dream of not citing a reference.  Yet, some remained blissfully ignorant of attending to copyright issues regarding digital information and media.

This was thirty years ago, and its still an issue.  A "thing," if you will.  Thirty years ago, there was clip art and a paucity (by today's standards) of images on the Web.  Enough to get in trouble with.  Now, there is Pandora's box of media and information to appropriate. 

There is the issue of fair use, and the common misunderstanding that fair use covers any content used in a classroom.  The follow is typical of conversations I've had regarding fair use:

Me:  What media are you going to use in your (psychology) class?
SME:  Oh, I'm going to show the movie, A Beautiful Mind.
Me:  The whole movie?
SME:  I'm using it in the classroom, so it's fair use. Oh, and I'm videotaping the class, since I will be commenting on the film. But it's still fair use.

Well, perhaps, .Fair use is a complex and somewhat subjective combination of purpose, the amount of a resource is being used, the importance of the amount that is being used, etc.  Fair use does not automatically cover an entire film being shown in a college classroom.  

The use of content in an online class is another issue.

There is plenty of information about how to avoid copyright infringement.  Google has its tool for filtering images by usage rights.  Creative Commons licensing has made easy to recognize what needs to be done to meet licensing requirement. Open Washington has its Attribution Generator. There are sites where images are highly likely to be usable, such as Flickr, Pixabay, and Wikimedia.  Many college/university librarians are highly trained in intellectual copyright issues.  (And a tip of the hat to the librarians at Tallahassee Community College for helping us keep out of trouble while finding great resources!)

So, why is this still a thing?

Could be ignorance.  Could be that its just one more thing to do, when course development may be taking up the last bit of energy that is left.

Dr. Dennen points out the ambiguity of created material.  It is sometimes not easy to determine the intellectual ownership of material, especially that which has evolved as a result of coursework.

For some, there may be a streak of (perhaps unconscious) defiance. If "the system" is going to take my information, then I should be able to take this image.  While this individual doesn't get the difference between "content" and "data,"  that individual is correct that his/her data is being taken, with no permission asked.

Part of the problem is the relative unlikelihood of getting caught.  This raises a challenge to instructional designers everywhere!  We are in the position to educate our SMEs, managers, graphic artists et al. in fair use and copyright matters.  Don't let an uncited images get put into a course!  Don't let an unreferenced URL go onto an Articulate Storyline screen. Unravel, understand and uphold the standard!


References:

Dennen, V. 2017. Ownership of Digital Course Artifacts: Who Can Access and Use Your Words, Images, Sounds and Clicks.  Quarterly Review of Distance Education 17(4) Accessed at https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/eric/docview/1891317757/fulltextPDF/F65829A8C0034699PQ/1?accountid=4840..

Reyman, J. 2013. User Data on the Social Web:  Authorship, Agency, and Appropriation. College English. 17(5).  Downloaded from https://canvas.fsu.edu/courses/89214/pages/week-5-readings.


Image: Oliver at the 2016 Montclair Film Festival
File is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic icense.
Attributed to Neil Grabowsky / Montclair Film Festival

On being the change you wish to see in the world - a digital footprint scorecard

An axiom I try to live by is a saying attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, "Be the change you wish to see in the world."
While reading Reyman's (2013) article, User Data on the Social Web:  Authorship, Agency, and Appropriation, a statement jumped out at me. 

"The current system for control over user data promotes the social web as a space for commercial activity, but it does not harness the power of user data for intellectual, creative or civic purposes."

It occured to me to look at the data I've fed into the "system" lately, to see where my input may have placed a tick mark on some civic tally sheet, a "digital footprint scorecard", as it were.  In this way, I mignt see what infinitesimal changes I might have made.

Retail clothing  - I visited a catalog outlet site, to see if a shirt I've been eyeing has gone on sale yet.  The shirt is 100% cotton.  Tick mark for sustainable farming, I have no idea where the shirt was made, nor by whom.  Tick mark for either fair or unfail labor practices.

VeDa, the Vestibular Disorders Association, a knowledge-base, resource, advocacy and support non-profit for those with balance disorders.  Apparently a top-rated non-profit in 2018.  This I had not known.  I just thought it was a support group with useful information.  Tick mark for advocacy. 

Greyhound Data - database on racing greyhounds. Millions of pedigrees, millions of race results.  Very pro-racing.  Tick mark to a change I definately don't want to see in the world, regardless of getting Berry's pedigree.  

Various retired racing greyhound Facebook groups.  Mixed tick marks on pro-racing, mixed, and anti-racing groups.  One tick mark for visiting a politically active anti-racing group.

A  cosmetics site.  Said its products were tested using anti-cuerality techniques.  Ok. If they say so.  One tick mark for anti-cruelity cosmetics production.

Searching Amazon Prime on the television, looking for something in a WW2 historical fiction film.  One tick mark for French Resistance Groups Awareness?


On the whole, I may have had a slightly positive impact on the world, as shown on my digital scorecard.  IWhile researching this little project, i found some interesting bits of information about the groups I was supporting by visiting their sites.  Mostly I was pleased, but am now much more aware of what personal weight my own digital footprint might have on the world.  I would prefer my foot to be supporting, not squashing it.  

Photo by EVG photos from Pexels

OER: A Benefit to Community College Students

There are many reasons to applaud Open Educational Resources (OER). They support faculty in tailoring courseware by enabling them to legally cut and paste materials into text of their own creation - a great blow for freedom from publishers for many faculty.

OER , as Caswell et al. (2008) state, also have the potential for bringing about "univeral education." At a more granular level, OER resources are helping students at the community college level succeed in school.

While there are many, many reasons a student might choose a community college over another source for higher education, one big factor is money. More dependent students from lower income families begin their education at a community college than at 4- year colleges or universities.  Independent students with families make up a higher percentage of students in community colleges than in 4-year colleges and institutions.  

In an American Association of Community Colleges 2019 study of challenges experienced by community college students, paying expenses tied work issues to be the most challenging factor to their success in school.  In this study, 34% of community college students reported difficulties with finances.  Fifty eight percent of students' difficulty with finances was attributed to purchasing texts and accompanying supplies.

Tyler Kingcade at Huffpost states that textbook costs have risen a startling 812% in the past 30 years, outpacing the 519% rise in tuition and fees (Oy!).  Is it any wonder, then, that purchasing textbooks is often not as high on the list of financial priorities as, say, child care or rent.  It is quite common for students to purchase their texts only after financial aid funds have arrived (two weeks after classes start); many of the faculty I work with design their classes with this in mind.  It is also not uncommon for students not to buy their texts at all.

OER, such as those produced by group OpenStax, has the potential to lift a significant part of this burden.  OpenStax texts (the online version) are free.  Punched paper versions can be purchased for a nominal fee... up to $30 for a bound copy.  (Note that the paper option neatly sidesteps some geographic digital divide questions, as well as providing an option for those who simply prefer to read from paper.)

Kathy Kristoff of CBS New's Issues that Matter: Education (2018), states that only 6% of schools are using OER.  In "my" community college  I find that 100% of the math faculty use OER .  At least two of the high-enrollment biology courses at the college use OER for their textbooks. And those figures only account for the math and science department.  OpenStax also has OER  for social sciences, humanities, business and AP studies.


In one community college cited by Kristoff, students using OER spent as little as $31 for a course on materials, compared to the $153 per course, the national average. Kristoff goes on the quote the National College Board as saying that the average college student spends just under $1,200 on books and materials per year.

While OER is a great advancement in freeing faculty to adapt their own course materials, instead of being bound to a publisher's text, a tremendous boon to college students from OER is more mundane - how to pay the bill.  On my campus, life is made easier for many students by the use of OER.

Image

Wolston, Maran. OpenStax Sociology Textbook, (CC BY 2.0)  Retrieived from 
https://www.flickr.com/photos/162377285@N07/26012358628, on 6/14/2019.

References

Caswell, T., Henson, S., Jensen, M. and Wiley, D.  Open Educational Resources:  Enabling universal education.  International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 9:1.  February, 2008.
American Association of Community College Colleges. DataPoints 7:6, Retrieved from https://www.aacc.nche.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DataPoints_V7_N6.pdf on 6/13/2019.

Kingkade, T. College Textbook Prices Increasing Faster Than Tuition And Inflation, December 6, 2017, Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/college-textbook-prices-increase_n_2409153 on 6/14/2019.

Kristoff, K., What's Behind the Souring Cost of College Textbooks, Huffpost. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/whats-behind-the-soaring-cost-of-college-textbooks/ on 6/13/2019.

How is crowdsourcing like a fried egg?

Crowdsourcing makes a lot of sense to me, but I'm curious about how it actually gets done.  Oddly, (eve to me), I found myself comparing it to a fried egg. (No, I didn't crowdsource that idea, but I could have!)

Crowdsourcing is like a fried egg because:

• There is a central "thing" that the crowdsourcing activity gathers around and supports.  In an egg, a primary purpose of the egg white is to nourish the developing embryo.  In crowdsourcing, the group responses supply information and/or ideas to the entity wishing to receive information.

• A fried egg has ill-defined edges and crowdsourcing has ill-defined access availability.  Depending on how you make a fried egg, the edges might make a nice round space, with the white equally distributed around the yolk.  However, probably not. Like a fried egg, social media-enabled crowdsourcing is likely to be more available to some than to others.  We have discussed the variations of the digital divide in class, and Dr. Dennen has raised our awareness of rural v. urban access.  There are geopolitical divides, as well.  Minority groups may be left out of the crowd being sources. Thus, the potential responders to crowdsourcing can be lop-sided.  Like a fried egg's egg white.

• A fried egg is pretty darn versatile.  Crownsourcing is as well, providing information for organizations from McDonald's to Greenpeace.  "Sentiment analysis" supports government's ability to know the mind of its citizenry, as well as collecting ideas, funds, tasks and data.  

In many ways, crowdsourcing is not not at all like a fried egg. It's not much like one of anything, as it take, literally, a "crowd" of data in order to reap the benefits of "the wisdom of crowds."


A better  comparison might be, if you un-fried the egg, and reconstructed it back into its shell,  Now, consider the evolutionary history of the egg.  A hen's egg is an excellent example of problem-solving, occuring after millenia of evolutionary pressure.

Social-media enabled crowdsourcing allows for the collection of data, analysis of large amounts of data, and resulting new or modified output, in a very very very small amount of time.

Is crowdsourcing like a fried egg?  Not really, don't be silly.  Is it like the forces of evolution?  I believe, much much more.

Sources
Five ways crowdsourcing serves our governments. Citizen lab.  Wiete van Ransbeek, March 24, 2016

9 Great Examples of Crowdsourcing in the Age of Empowered Consumers, Tweek Your Biz, July 10, 2015, updated September 22, 2018.

When crowdsourcing is a bad idea, Simon Thompson, July 9, 2012

From the ADHD Oscars: And the winner in supporting roles, goes to Diigo!

As I have disclosed several times, I had adult ADHD.  This impacts my interactions with social media in a few ways.   See below if you want the whole list.  For this post, only one trait is important  (and hard to self-disclose).  It is about reading.

I'm not a quick nor particularly effective reader.  I often have to stop and process information or re-read, since my attention slipped off the page.

I'm not an effective collector and curator of readings.I prefer to read on paper, but have a, kindly put, ideosyncratic filing system that I often can't remember, and I usually lose the document before I file it anyway.  And since I have printed it, I've lost the URL.  And this is one reason I think Diigo is gonna be my new best friend.

There are many time management, note taking and other organizational apps that are quite helpful for neuroatypicals. They are not social media, but what I think of as support players.  As they help with scheduling, focus and energy conservation they enable me to spend more productive time doing coursework.. in this case, exploring social media.

Regarding Diigo,

My first impression was to run away.  Diigo appears quite chaotic, at least to me, when there are many topics being presented at one time.  While I'm a great chaos generator (ask my husband!) chaotic environments are difficult for me.  

However, as I started to play around with Diigo and learned more how to control my posts, I can see how it will be a real advantage to me in organizing information.  Diigo's features that help everyone else will certainly help me, but the great thing is the ability to generate one's own tags.  Folksonomy is fun, and fun helps me stay on engaged and on track.  

Fun is, by the way, why almost all my posts are illustrated.  Finding the right image is fun, if occasionally gratuitious.

Will I use Diigo as a form of social media, as a collaborative knowledge builder?  I'm not sure.  I'd be self-conscious about sharing it, since it is going to be as messy as Diigo will allow, but since it is MY mess, I should be able to navigate through it.  

I'm sure I would also feel self-conscious about the paucity of notes I take per article. I understand my shorthand, but it won't look like much to others.

And, there are those tags.  My tags!  Don't want anyone messing with my tags!

So there you go.

In case you are interested...

My ADHD brain on social media

• I check out Twitter more than necesary if my impulse control is iffy, depending on if I'm a quart low on medication.
• Or, I forget to check my social media outlets for extended periods and my (fill in the blanks) think I have deserted them.  
• I am easily frustrated and not particularly resilient.  Hence my issues with Instagram.
• I get overwhelmed by visually crowded fields.  As much as I love infographics, a Pintrist page full of them, and I react like Bela Lugosi confronted with a crucifix.
• I'm an impulsive commentor.  Sometimes I comment when I don't have anything useful to say. (Although perhaps you welcome the dopamine jolt.  I dunno.)

You might say that these are traits ones that anybody could have, and you would be correct.  The problems come from the intensity these points manifest themselves, not that they exist.  So there.

Image by Mohmed Hassan on Pixabay

Caffine and Dopamine

Caffine and dopamine.  How I start my day.  I make coffee, and sit at the computer, checking in with my social media outlets. Why?  If I've been responded to, with likes,  hearts, views or comments, it feels good.

Caffine, no need to explain.  Dopamine, however, may warrent a word or two.

Dopamine is a neurotransitter, a chemical substance that causes certain nerves in the brain to fire.  These nerves are involved with a whole host of things, including movement (Parkinsons disease is essentially a disorder caused by lack of dopamine) and attention.

It is the brain chemical that seems most closely tied to computer gaming and social media.  Dopamine is important to the "reward structure" in the brain.  When something happens that pleases you, a jolt of dopamine hits your brain.  Bzzzzt!  Since dopamine leaves you happy (very simplistically put!) you are more likely to repeat the action that resulted in that dopamine jolt.

Social media seems to be riddled with opportunities for dopamine jolts.  A thumbs up on a Facebook post?  Bzzzzt!  Someone replies to a Twitter post?  Bzzzzt!  The stats show that someone's read you blog?  Bzzzzt! 

It's that last one that is looking especially interesting.  Recently, a study of infant-maternal bonding indicated that dopamine may play a role in human bonding.  If that is the case, perhaps the dopamine jolt one may get from having a blog reader comment on a post not only makes you feel good, but also predisposes you to bond with the individual that made the comment.  Bzzzzt!

Perhaps one factor in the development of social media communities is that, as we are responsed to, the release of dopamine not onlly gives us that bzzzzzt! of pleasure, but increases the likelihood that we will bond with the individual who has responded to us.

This is not to give human bonding a simplistic explanation, nor to indicate that dopamine is a simple "feel good" chemical (neither dopamine nor social relationships are so easily understood, mores the pity). This post is merely a bit of information on how, perhaps, the phenomeon of social media communities has come to be.

Reflection on pseudoidentity

When I was in high school, I kept a diary.  A pen and paper diary, that I kept hidden.  My little brother found it, and entertained his buddies by reading excerpts from it.  

Turns out that more than one woman I know has had a similar experience.  My neighbor, for instance.

We, like many, have concerns over privacy and are not entirely trustful with diaristic blogging. I have written before (see Think of your reputation, my dear)  that I do guard my personas, depending on what social media platform I am writing. 

Having recently finished Dr. Dennen's Constructing academic alter-egos: identiy issues in a blog-based community, I wonder how I might develop another identity, should I continue wandering through the blogosphere.

I might not use my own name, my last name being fairly identifyable.  And it would be fun to come up with a new one.  

I would definately change the graphic design of my template, but that is more a matter of familiarity with blogging template.  And I already have my Bitmoji avatar.

My voice and content?  Actually, both are more authentic in my blogs than in my face-to-face "office lady" life.  When I shake off the feeling that I should be writing miniature scholarly papers, my voice rings truer here than it often does face-to-face.  

I am fortunate that I could take on a pseudoidentity at a later time, but don't think I need to do so.  However, to quote Doris Day, "the future's not ours to see."*  There may come a time when I wish to blog beyond bounds of professional or even political seemliness.  If such a time comes, the norms of pseudoidentify in blog-based communities will have a comforting familiarity.

* The Man Who Knew Too Much, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, 1956.

Think of your reputation, my dear

While reading The Emerging Neuroscience of Social Media, I was struck by one sentence.

People use social media for two primary reasons: (i) to connect with others, and (ii) to manage the impression they make on others.

The first reason is interesting enough, but it was the second reason that floored me.  It had not crossed my mind that I used social media to, as Great-Great-Granny might have put it, manage my reputation.

I am bemused to find that I do.  

I will spare you the evolutionary benefits of putting out and maintaining one's reputation.  They revolve around the idea that the group aristocrat gets the goodies.  Rather, I will try to stick to the topic.

On Facebook, I take care to react to and share wry, witty content from various sites that I find to be sophisticated (and so guarding my reputation for quirky intelligence).  I gently ask for opinions and reasons from "friends" with differing political backgrounds - but rarely get answers, more is the pity. (Maintaining my self-described reputation as curious, analytical, questing for understanding, etc.)

On Linked In, I try to manage my reputation as someone who is a seasoned professional, with a broad range of positions, but also as someone who is hip to the modern world on learning technologies and would be interesting to work with.  Considering my age (hard to hide with my profile picture, I try to post au courant content, again trying to manage my reputation as well-versed in current learning technologies, theory, etc.

On Instagram, I was tempted to say I don't give a hoot for my reputation, and will post anything, but that isn't true.  I consider myself something of an artist, and absolutely would not post something that didn't please my own eye.  Heavens forbid I become known for spontaneity as opposed to reason.

On blogging, well, I'm somehow willing to let myself go and be a crank.  With one exception, I feel no fear of context collapse, and so find myself more willing to let go of the reputation I guard in other forms of social media.  With other forms of social media, the threat of context collapse is much more eminent.  I am connected to my family on Facebook, I may work with my connections on Linked In, and my next-door neighbor follows me on Instagram.  

I would be very interested in hearing from you about how, or if, you use social media to "manage the impression you make on others."